Air Thread Connections Essay

Prepare the Airthread Connections case using the following questions as a guide: 1. What methodological approach (APV, WACC, FTE, or some combination) should Ms. Zhang use to value Air Thread? Hint: It may be possible to use more than one techniques simultaneously. The valuation of the Airthread Connections is conducted to assist American Cable Communication to decide if the acquisition of the Airthread Connections should be processed to achieve potential synergies. We access the net value of the Airthread Connections by adjusting its present value (APV). We chose APV as our business valuation method because Airthread Connection’s financial information required by APV method is relatively sufficient and solid comparing with the information required by other valuation methods. We believe that the good quality of data can guarantee the reliability of our valuation. Our valuation process includes the following six steps. 1. Decide the present value of unlevered free cash flows. 2. Evaluate the weighted average cost of capital. 3. Appraise the value of tax shields. 4. Access the terminal value. 5. Estimate the present value of non-operating assets. 6. Applying the illiquidity discount. 2. What discount rate should Ms. Zhang use for unlevered FCF for 2008-2012? Is this the same rate that should be used to calculate the TV? Why or why not? 3. Develop an estimate of the long-term steady-state growth rate for use in the TV calculation. 4. What is the total value of AirThread before considering any synergies?

How do religious believers respond to challenges posed to them by scientists? Essay

Challenges to religious belief started around the time of the renaissance, before this the Church had almost complete control over people’s views, although criticisms were present. Since the only literate people were generally monks or priests for a considerable amount of time, challenges to religion were dismissed. However gradually times changed and with them so did attitudes. Although there were other arguments of a more philosophical and theological nature beforehand Galileo’s idea of heliocentricity was one of the first arguments to challenge religion in a way it had never been challenged before; scientifically. The idea that our world was the centre of the universe that is to say the geocentric view had been held since the time of Aristotle. This idea implies that the world is not the most important thing, just another component in the vast universe; this was the beginning of science opposing religious ideas. Presently there are many challenges to the existence of a creator specifically the Judeo Christian God who is responsible for the account of the creation of the world in Genesis. One of the major arguments against Genesis is Darwin’s theory of evolution. It says that contrary to the story of Genesis, humans evolved from apes and were not made, as we are now, on the 6th day of creation. Christians react very differently to this theory. Some choose to ignore it completely arguing that science can make mistakes and evolution is still only a theory. They might say that if God is all powerful, nothing is impossible and we cannot see the bigger picture. Other Christians present theories such as irreducible complexity and intelligent design; these are usually more liberal Christians. Some might say that the two ideas can be united saying that one asks how while the other, religion, asks why. On the matter of Creation itself there are many controversies. A young earth creationist would believe that the account of Genesis is completely true and that the earth is between 6000 to 10,000 years old. They would dismiss any scientific ideas perhaps saying that they can’t disprove God or maybe choosing to remain ignorant of scientific theories. If a scientist challenged this view using fossils as evidence, a young earth creationist may argue that God had put them there deliberately to test our faith. Some Christians and religious believers would say that we are not supposed to know everything because we wouldn’t understand and its part of God’s plan, they might say that if God had intended us to know then he would have included it in the Bible or the Holy Scripture belonging to the believer. Religious believers that belong to Islam methodically reject Darwin’s theory of evolution and often refuse to discuss it. However Koran has a similar creation story to the Bible and therefore the same problem of days. Many Muslims claim this is figurative and that days is supposed to mean period of time and therefore wriggle out of one of the challenges to their belief. Earlier while talking about evolution intelligent design and irreducible complexity were mentioned. These are popular responses by more liberal Christians to problems created by science. Intelligent design is a modern extension of the teleological argument; it argues that processes such as evolution are best explained by an intelligent cause and not just a random occurrence of mutations. It is therefore quite a popular compromise for Christians, it doesn’t contradict science and seems to unite the two; science is true but God made it happen. Irreducible complexity is an idea by Michael Behe, an American biochemist. He says that certain organisms are irreducibly complex that is to say that if you follow the evolutionary chain back far enough, you come to a point where it cannot be broken down anymore, the whole thing, however simple, has to exist simultaneously. Behe uses the example of a mousetrap saying that without any one part it could not function. Behe is widely criticised and slated by scientist because he is filling gaps in scientific theory with God using little or no concrete evidence, some say he has created a â€Å"God of the gaps.† Some more liberal Christians often present the Yom argument in the discussion of creation. The word day is used in Genesis but it was translated from the Hebrew word â€Å"Yom† which means any period of time from 24 hours to an indefinite span of time. Science clearly says that the entire universe was not made in an earthly week, using Yom as a period of time means that Genesis no longer has to say that the universe was made in a week, more just 6 stages. This can end the conflict of timescale to a certain extent.

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Criminal Justice - Essay Example Participatory planning method is one of the vital approaches. Planning processes should also be controlled so that they become more comprehensive and pro-poor. Such approaches may be mirrored in the project components, such as use of partnerships between the local government and the communities at large to boost basic services. Providing affordable housing to families with low incomes through resettling them, or offering a housing advancement loan program for such families is recommendable. In addition, in order for the government to improve land management processes in several projects within the city, it has to provide technical assistance. Low-income neighborhoods also play a big role in generating crime. Programs can be initiated to boost the assets and earnings of the low-income neighboring families (Martin 238). This can include employment programs and place-based policies that aim at employment services, connecting low-income parents to â€Å"nice jobs,† and utilizing work supports and incentives as well as asset expansion programs. Promoting savings and banking accounts, encouraging home ownership and motivating families to acquire the Earned Income Tax Credit can also be a good approach. By linking low-income families to beneficial and support services, there would be strengthened educational and health outcomes, thus a stable living environment. Boonyabancha, Somsook. A Decade of Change: From the Urban Community Development Office (UCDO) to the Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI) in Thailand : Increasing Community Options Through a National Government Development Programme. New York: IIED, 2003.

Summary Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary Report - Essay Example Although we designed this plan carefully, it is clear that, overall, the entire change simulation plan provided poor results, way below our expectation. A number of change tactics helped us in the implementation process. First, our efforts to conduct a research from the stakeholder and the work groups helped a lot in problem identification. It also gave the workers the motivation to work towards achieving the designed changes. The workers remained loyal during the implementations stage. Secondly, the ability to mobilize the employees by designing an urgency plan was crucial as it attracted their attention of the entire organization to shift their focus on the change plan and reduce their reluctance to change. Since the teams were ready for change, it became easy to work along with them. Monitoring was crucial during this process, as it helped to ensure that the change plan was in due course, hence assisting us to complete the implementation process within the critical time. One of the tactics that lead limited the results of our action plan is the design of vision and the strategy. The vision and strategy developed were not clear, which made it complex to communicate the vision to not only the managers but also the employees. Understanding the company vision and strategy is very important as this gives the organization a direction that they should follow while implementing changes. Even after repetitive meetings, the managers and the work teams failed to understand the vision of the stage process and this made it quite difficult to implement this change. In this change simulation plan, we applied the Kotter’s concepts of a smooth change in organization setting. The idea of Kotter that it is crucial to create a sense of urgency worked quite well for this simulation. In creating the sense of urgency, we informed the employees of the changes and helped

Alternative Fuel for automobiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alternative Fuel for automobiles - Essay Example he use of petroleum based oil should just be reduced or done away with, so as to curb some of itsundesirable effects.True to the government’s plans and efforts, America can boast of having reduced Arab oil consumption, and talk of an increase in domestic crude production. Nevertheless, the nagging concernis whether this is the way to handle the issue of fuel in America, and if it is the best way to go about dealing with fuel for automobiles (Schmitz, Wilson & Moss, 2011). This paper will examine alternative fuel for automobiles, and how the government can be at the forefront in increasing their use for the overall benefit of society. Propane, a fossil fuel, is also identified as liquefied petroleum gas, which is often used to powerengines, and is considered an alternative source of fuel for a number of reasons. The main reasonis that propane lowers the amount of harmful emissions and other greenhouse gases, for example; Carbon IV Oxide into the atmosphere. The fact that it is less expensive as compared to other petroleum-based oils and gasoline makes propane a preferred choice when it comes to alternative fuel. Automobiles get to enjoy this fossil fuel because it does not degrade vehicle performance, as is often seen with other fuels. America can now boast of producing almost 90% of their propane from domestic sources, which means that time, may be the determining factor when it comes to theavailability of the product to those who want it (Schmitz, Wilson & Moss, 2011). Some of the uses of propane include; water heating (especially in homes), refrigerating different foodstuffs, powering equipment and machinery, and even drying clothes. There is one major type of propane gas. It consists of a mixture of propane and other liquefied gases, these are; butane and butylene. Autogas is a combination of the three gases, which makes the alternative fuel an easier choice, especially in automobiles converted to use this type of fuel. Some of the properties of propane, for

Hotel Resorts in Orange County California Research Paper

Hotel Resorts in Orange County California - Research Paper Example This research aims to evaluate and present Orange County California and their offerings to the visitors. As also stated in the introductory section of this research paper, Orange County is composed of some of the most attractive tourists’ destinations within the world. Among the various reasons that attract huge number of tourists to the county, the advantage of location is one. The county is bordered on the north by Los Angeles and San Diego has surrounded the county along the south. Towards the east of Orange County, San Bernardino County and Riverside County are situated along with the Santa Ana Mountains. Most importantly, the boundaries of the county towards the west are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean. Due to the features of the location in which the county is situated, the tourists who visited this tourist spot can share the experience of warm climate throughout the year. As the Pacific Ocean is very near to Orange County, the tourists and local people enjoy the beauty of various enchanting and charming beaches. There are a number of cities present within Orange County, both large as well as small. Anaheim in Orange County is known as the ‘home’ of Disneyland and is second in the list of the most populous cities in California. The home of Knott’s Berry Farm in the county is Buena Park and this city paves the gateway of the county to Los Angeles. Apart from these two important and popular cities of Orange County, there are also several cities that add up to the beauty of the county. Fullerton, Surf city, Irvine, Laguna Niguel, Newport Beach, Santa Ana and Seal Beach are the most popular cities of the county. (County of Orange, 2011). The hotels and resorts section of Orange County offers several attractive destinations to the tourists. In the South Orange County, Aliso Creek Inn & Golf Course offers an ideal tourist location for families and tourists are made to feel every comfort of home in this hotel. Americas Best Value

A comparative study between English and Arabs' compliments on Facebook Statistics Project

A comparative study between English and Arabs' compliments on Facebook - Statistics Project Example They use the social media site in ways that differ from each other. When Arabs give compliments on Facebook, they use polite, flowery language. They will liken the beauty of a person to something that is precious and valued in the community. The English in Facebook will simply give a word like â€Å"Wow.†; followed by a comment about how a dress, for example, accentuates a person’s figure. The compliments tend to be graphic and detailed. Arabs complimenting a person in Facebook will have a mention of religion. This mention of Allah brings praise to Him as the creator of the beauty the person possesses. It is also used in a respectful manner. English speakers will tend to use the name God in a vain manner like in expressions like â€Å"Oh my God.† which doesn’t necessarily indicate that they are referring to God as the giver of that person’s beauty. When complimenting each other, Arabs are also very

Project Paper-Adult Development Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Project Paper-Adult Development Issues - Essay Example What emerges from this study is the importance of physical and intellectual competence, an adaptive personality, financial security and a supportive family. A sustained, dramatic change in the demographic profile of American society has been observed and documented in recent years, brought about by a new high in life expectancy, which has increased to approximately 77 years, showing a difference between 73.6 years for men and 79.4 years for women. Statistical studies predict that, by 2050, the elderly (above 65 years of age) will constitute a significant 22.9% of the U.S. population (Schaie and Willis, 2002. Page 5). This trend can be attributed mainly to the migration of young adults, fertility rates over different periods and mortality. The marked rise in life expectancy is matched by a corresponding decline in mortality rates, chiefly due to vast strides in sanitation, nutrition and scientific advances in medical treatment. As we inevitably head towards a society with an increasingly aged population, with its’ attendant problems and implications, the study of gerontology takes on urgent significance. Gerontology is defined as â€Å"the study of the phenomena of the aging process from maturity into old age, as well as the study of the elderly as a special population† (Schaie and Willis, 2002. Page12). The word is derived from the Greek ‘geras,’ for old age. An approach that would contribute to a more complete understanding of elderly people’s capabilities and positions is one which does not rank them on the basis of chronological age alone, but differentiates between biological age, which is dependent on the physical condition of the body; social age, which reflects the position occupied by the individual in society; psychological age, which is indicative of behavior, attitude and skills. Another approach which

Presidential and Congressional Relationship Essay

Presidential and Congressional Relationship - Essay Example Influence includes the swaying ability especially of the leaders. The effect of a leader accompanies the leader’s ability to possess impacts on characters, progress or act of population or things and the impacts themselves. The success relates to the influence closely to determine the presidential authority. The differences between success and influence are critical for determination since the two aspects depends on each other. Among the populations in America and numerous parts of the world, influence normally comes after success. The president can only be considered successful after a series of accomplishments. This leaves the success as an evident factor based on the physical attainments of development. Success bears effects of creating the popularity in a leader and the rest of the congressional members would wish to associate with successful president. The preference of association with success is a common feature amongst the human. The character on the quest for success is borne amidst the human conscience with a notion that success is the only means of gaining authority. Success entails a number of elements for its merit and completion. Success is a virtue that lies in a leader’s intrapersonal traits. ... The success can attain man achievement with the involvement of flexibility in leadership. The agreement amongst the president, congress and the senate results into leadership success. Unlike success, influence operates on the impact. The outstanding difference between success and influence depends on the span through which each is accomplished and the necessities. Influence lies in the population reasoning on the president. The members of population include the legislature and the public at in unison. The president can prove of being influential after meriting the population and the fellow leaders gauging. America remains a significant country in the global scope since its leadership and the political systems are worlds concerns. Therefore, the influence of the American president is as well as the global influence. Influence determines the president’s authority and the ability to succeed in the legislative decisions. The above descriptions render the influence as a dependent f actor on success. Thus, success can result solely in the absence of influence contributing to their dissimilarity. Influence result from the people’s perceptions to the president. Influence also occurs as a result of the success. A critical question can emanate from the fact that a leader can be successful but not influential. The answer to this question lies on the differences between success and influence and the requirements of each. Success can result from the president’s achievement in only one 2perspective maybe triggering fundamental developments in the country. Influence demands more than a unidirectional achievement and can be attained through winning the confidence of the public and

Negative Impacts of Oil Exploration on Nigerias Biodiversity Essay

Negative Impacts of Oil Exploration on Nigerias Biodiversity - Essay Example It is Africa’s largest wetland, which consists of flat and low lying swamps that are a result of sediment deposition beautifully arranged in a terrain. The area has four different ecological zones which include coastal barrier islands, mangrove swamp forests, fresh water swamps and lowland rainforests. Due to this diverse ecosystem, the delta is one of the world’s most concentrated regions in biodiversity. Not only does it have the potential of supporting abundant fauna and flora, it has the potential of sustaining agricultural production. The freshness of the water gives it the ability of harbouring fresh water fish as well as a water catchment area for domestic consumption. However, the biodiversity has been destroyed by oil exploration activities around the area, and is proving to be a threat to the environment of the place. This paper will look at the various negative impacts of oil exploration in Nigeria has had on the biodiversity. Statistically according to Kadaf a (2012, p. 18) Nigeria ranks at first position in the world with flare gas, constituting 46% of Africa’s total flared gas per tonne of oil produced. This accounted for 19.79 per cent of the total global figure in the 1990s. During the period between 1970 and 1979, the average rate of gas flaring in Nigeria stood at 97%. In the period between 1980 and 1989 saw 97% of gas being flared while the years between 1990 and 1999 saw a total of 97% of gas be flared in Nigeria. Most of the gas extracted in the delta is immediately flared into the environment at a rate of 70 million/m3 per day. Gas flaring is the biggest contributor of air pollution in the Niger delta (Edino, et a., 2010, p. 67). Gas flaring emits greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere which include methane and carbon dioxide, the major contributors of global warming. Environmentalists argue that air pollutants are highly concentrated in the Niger Delta than in the rest parts of Nigeria as a result of oil extraction. Gas flare sites produce a lot of heat, which is as high as 1,600 Celsius, making it a major contributor of thermo pollution. Moreover, areas as far as 43.8 metres away from the sites experience temperatures of close to 400 Celsius, which negatively affect the vegetation and animal life and affects ecological equilibrium (Emoyan, 2008, p. 30-34). Global warming is potentially dangerous to the sea level of the low laying coastal areas as it potentially raises the sea level. Evidence of environmental degradation of the delta include inundation on large scale, increased coastal erosion, modification of habitats as wildlife are redistributed in the area, increased intensity of high rainfall events which is associated with increased run off. Soil erosion is a major occurrence as flash floods are common in the region while ocean storm surges have been a frequent occurrence (Kadafa, p. 2012, p. 20). Combined, these effects on the environment potentially jeopardize the survival of communities l iving in the region. Gas flares have been responsible for rain water and ground water acidification, research has indicated. Evidence shows that the Niger delta has high levels concentration of volatile oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur oxide which exceeding normal standards of federal environmental protection agency. Due to the increased pollution levels, water from shallowly dug wells has indicated the presence of low pH levels, a cause of acid rain. The effects of acid rain cannot be underestimated. Not only does it corrode roofing sheets of houses and commercial buildings, it also damages vegetation as well as contaminate pools, lakes and rivers which are home for fish and other marine life (Akpomuvie, 2011, p. 206). Oil mining in the Niger delta

Immanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

Immanuel Kant Essay HYPERLINK http://www. philosophypages. com/ph/kant. htm Immanuel Kant answers the question in the first sentence of the essay: â€Å"Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity. † He argues that the immaturity is self-inflicted not from a lack of understanding, but from the lack of courage to use one’s reason, intellect, and wisdom without the guidance of another. He exclaims that the motto of enlightenment is â€Å"Sapere aude†! – Dare to be wise! The German word Unmundigkeit means not having attained age of majority or legal adulthood. Unmundig also means dependent or unfree, and another translation is tutelage or nonage (the condition of not [being] of age). Kant, whose moral philosophy is centred around the concept of autonomy, here distinguishes between a person who is intellectually autonomous and one who keeps him/herself in an intellectually heteronomous, i. e. dependent and immature status. Kant understands the majority of people to be content to follow the guiding institutions of society, such as the Church and the Monarchy, and unable to throw off the yoke of their immaturity due to a lack of resolution to be autonomous. It is difficult for individuals to work their way out of this immature, cowardly life because we are so uncomfortable with the idea of thinking for ourselves. Kant says that even if we did throw off the spoon-fed dogma and formulas we have absorbed, we would still be stuck, because we have never â€Å"cultivated our minds. † The key to throwing off these chains of mental immaturity is reason. There is hope that the entire public could become a force of free thinking individuals if they are free to do so. Why? There will always be a few people, even among the institutional guardians, who think for themselves. They will help the rest of us to â€Å"cultivate our minds. † Kant shows himself a man of his times when he observes that â€Å"a revolution may well put an end to autocratic despotism . . . or power-seeking oppression, but it will never produce a true reform in ways of thinking. † The recently completed American Revolution had made a great impression in Europe; Kant cautions that new prejudice will replace the old and become a new leash to control the â€Å"great unthinking masses. † Immanuel Kants Ideas on Science and Morality According to the 18th-century German thinker Immanuel Kant, no person may possess inherent wisdom about reality. This is best summarized in the philosophers famous expression, Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without data are blind. Indeed, Kant believes that in order for us to utilize our sensible intuition, we must possess two stimuli, physical sensation and moral duty. The first of the two addresses a portion of Kantian thought known as empirical realism, a reasoning that defines that absolute reality as the entire universe in which all human beings dwell. Every time we acquire external data from that absolute reality, our perception of it assumes a greater degree of accuracy. And what would be the optimal way of acquiring such data with only minimal if any contact with other persons perceptions (which are, like ours, inaccurate, only in different ways, since each human being possesses a unique arsenal of experiences)? Scientific exploration is, therefore, the key to an ultimate comprehension of things-in-themselves. Kant was a fervent admirer of Newtonian thought and the Scientific Method, which permitted scientists to ascend to unprecedented heights in their understanding of and control over nature. The second stimulus to action, moral duty, provides the explanation for the purpose of all human actions toward the comprehension of the universe. This portion of Kants doctrine has been dubbed by the philosopher as transcendental idealism, since it establishes a framework outside the natural world upon which correct actions are based. Kant sees the ultimate virtues to be the attempts to reach three goals which are not yet found in reality, God, freedom, and the immortality of individuals. God, the Creator and Supreme Being of the universe, must be fathomed, properly interpreted, and obeyed in accordance with his true desires. Freedom, the individual liberty to act as one wishes and to grant all others this right, must be instituted through societal reforms and a development of ideology to understand the proper order that would establish such an atmosphere. And, at last, every human being must rise to possess the right to exist for an indefinite length of time that he may 1 / 3 obey the commandments of God and practice his freedoms. Kant states that all which is right and moral must be based upon those three principles. As such, Kant separates the scientific realm (which describes what is) from the moral realm (which explains what ought to be), but he considers these two realms to go hand-in-hand ultimately advocating putting the scientific realm in service to moral one. Kant: The Copernican Revolution in Philosophy The philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is sometimes called the â€Å"Copernican revolution of philosophy† to emphasize its novelty and huge importance. Kant synthesized (brought together) rationalism and empiricism. After Kant, the old debate between rationalists and empiricists ended, and epistemology went in a new direction. After Kant, no discussion of reality or knowledge could take place without awareness of the role of the human mind in constructing reality and knowledge. Summary of Rationalism The paradigm rationalist philosophers are Plato (ancient); Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz (modern). Don’t trust senses, since they sometimes deceive; and since the â€Å"knowledge† they provide is inferior (because it changes). Reason alone can provide knowledge. Math is the paradigm of real knowledge. There are innate ideas, e. g. , Plato’s Forms, or Descartes’ concepts of self, substance, and identity. The self is real and discernable through immediate intellectual intuition (cogito ergo sum). Moral notions are comfortably grounded in an objective standard external to self — in God, or Forms. Kant says rationalists are sort of right about (3) and (4) above; wrong about (1) and (2). Kant would like (5) to be true. Summary of Empiricism The paradigm empiricist philosophers are Aristotle (ancient); Locke, Berkeley, Hume (modern). Senses are the primary, or only, source of knowledge of world. Psychological atomism. Mathematics deals only with relations of ideas (tautologies); gives no knowledge of world. No innate ideas (though Berkeley accepts Cartesian self). General or complex ideas are derived by abstraction from simple ones (conceptualism). Hume — there’s no immediate intellectual intuition of self. The concept of â€Å"Self† is not supported by sensations either. Hume — no sensations support the notion of necessary connections between causes and effects, or the notion that the future will resemble the past. Hume — â€Å"is† does not imply â€Å"ought†. Source of morality is feeling. Kant thinks empiricism is on the right track re (1), sort of right re (2), wrong re (3), (4), (5), and (6). Summary of Kant’s Argument The epistemological debate between rationalism and empiricism is basically about whether, or to what extent the senses contribute to knowledge. Both rationalism and empiricism take for granted that it’s possible for us to acquire knowledge of Reality, or how things really are, as opposed to how they seem to us. But both rationalism and empiricism overlook the fact that the human mind is limited; it can experience and imagine only within certain constraints. These constraints are both synthetic and a priori. All our possible experience must conform to these SAPs. The SAPs include location in space and time, causality, experiencing self, thing-ness, identity, and various mathematical notions. (Twentieth- century Gestalt psychology’s attack on psychological atomism is based on Kant’s views. ) Therefore, we must distinguish the world we experience, bounded by SAPs, and the world of things as they really are â€Å"in themselves†. Kant calls these two worlds the phenomenal (apparent) world versus the noumenal (real) world. Empiricism pretty much nails what it means to know something, once the SAPs are in place; i. e. , within the phenomenal world, empiricism rules. The phenomenal world is a world of things, publicly observable, describable by science, known to the senses, determined by physical laws. No God, no 2 / 3 freedom, no soul, no values exist in this world. If God, freedom, souls, and values exist, then they must be noumenal and unknowable by any ordinary means. Thus, according to Kant: Both rationalism and empiricism are wrong when they claim that we can know things in themselves. Rationalists are wrong not to trust senses; in the phenomenal world, senses are all we have. Rationalists are right about â€Å"innate ideas†, but not in Plato’s sense of Forms— much more like Descartes’ in argument of the wax. Hume is wrong when he claims the concept of self is unsupported by senses, and thus bogus. Rather, the experiencing self is a pre-condition for having any experience at all (Descartes was right). Hume is wrong when he says the notion that the future will resemble the past is due only to â€Å"custom and habit†. That notion is a SAP; we couldn’t have ordinary experience without it. Hume is wrong when he says the source of morality is feeling. Morality, properly understood, provides the key to linking the noumenal and phenomenal worlds. Kant argues that if morality is real, then human freedom is real, and therefore humans are not merely creatures of the phenomenal world (not merely things subject to laws). Ramifications of Kant’s Views Kant revolutionized philosophy. Kant showed that the mind, through its innate categories, constructs our experience along certain lines (space, time, causality, self, etc. ). Thus, thinking and experiencing give no access to things as they really are. We can think as hard as we like, but we will never escape the innate constraints of our minds. Kant forced philosophy to look seriously at the world for the agent (what Kant calls the phenomenal world) independently of the real world outside consciousness – the world in itself (the noumenal world). Ethics had long recognized the importance for moral evaluation of â€Å"how things seem to the agent. † But the ramifications of Kant’s noumenal-phenomenal distinction extend far beyond ethics. Philosophers like to take credit for all the big events in 19th century intellectual history as direct consequences of Kant’s philosophical legitimizing of the perspective of the subject: Hegel and German idealism, Darwinism, Romanticism, pragmatism, Marxism, the triumph of utilitarianism, Nietzsche, and the establishment of psychology as a science, especially Gestalt psychology. Phenomena and NoumenaHaving seen Kants transcendental deduction of the categories as pure concepts of the understanding applicable a priori to every possible experience, we might naturally wish to ask the further question whether these regulative principles are really true. Are there substances? Does every event have a cause? Do all things interact? Given that we must suppose them in order to have any experience, do they obtain in the world itself? To these further questions, Kant firmly refused to offer any answer. According to Kant, it is vital always to distinguish between the distinct realms of phenomena and noumena. Phenomena are the appearances, which constitute the our experience; noumena are the (presumed) things themselves, which constitute reality. All of our synthetic a priori judgments apply only to the phenomenal realm, not the noumenal. (It is only at this level, with respect to what we can experience, that we are justified in imposing the structure of our concepts onto the objects of our knowledge. ) Since the thing in itself (Ding an sich) would by definition be entirely independent of our experience of it, we are utterly ignorant of the noumenal realm. Thus, on Kants view, the most fundamental laws of nature, like the truths of mathematics, are knowable precisely because they make no effort to describe the world as it really is but rather prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it. By applying the pure forms of sensible intuition and the pure concepts of the understanding, we achieve a systematic view of the phenomenal realm but learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena; only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Comparing Chinese Herbal Medicine And Modern Medicine Sociology Essay

Comparing Chinese Herbal Medicine And Modern Medicine Sociology Essay This project is to compare Chinese herbal medicine with modern (Western) medicine in terms of culture, sociological and human well-being effects. An online system has been created to showcase a number of popular Chinese herbals in order to gain better understanding on the way that these herbs keep body balance and harmony. The system also help people to check the translation of Chinese herbs Also the users can comment on the web site,and exchange their ideas with others. Also, some sociological and philosophical reasons that can affect peoples opinions are discussed in the research section of this report. 1. Introduction 1.1 Project background The background of this project can be thought asthe points shown below. At any time, healthy is an important element for a human well being. Especially at present, everyone is thinking more about their health while working and living under the pressure of economic recession. Research has shown that most people choose modern medicine, i.e., western medicine to cure diseases. But not only modern medicine costs too much but also it has side defects. In 2009, after the American singer Michael Jackson died, many people have realized that taking more medicines can get sometimes unpleasant side effect, and sometimes, fatal. Furthermore, because of the pandemic of Swine Flu, people have started to think more about disease prevention than just curing them. To this end, Chinese herbal medicine can help and has since become more popular than before, which is a very natural choice. So, more and more people are interest in Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM). According to World Hearth Organization (WHO) webpage, the following description has been given: During its 3000-yea r history, traditional Chinese medicine pioneered interventions such as diet, exercise, awareness of environmental influences on health, and the use of herbal remedies as part of a holistic approach to health.(1). Chinese Herbal Medicine can be used as in evidence.However,, similar to any other medicine, CHM is complicated, even to Chinese people. To understand Chinese Herbal Medicine is not easy. So, a system thatcan provide the information of Chinese herbal medicine can help people who are not used to CHM in many ways. 1.2 Problem definition From the questionnaire conducted in this project and shown in Appnediex, more than 80% non-Chinese people heard about Chinese Herbal Medicine,.Whereas , more than a half of them prefer modern medicine. So, why donot they like Chinese medicine is the first question to ask. Secondly, According to the questionnaire, more than 60% people use Internet everyday, which means, with the development of e-commerce, Internet can be a tool that provides people with different views on Chinese herbal medicine. But, during the research, until now, just a few web site can support this, which are A) http://www.herbalmedicineuk.com/ B) http://www.holisticchineseherbs.com/ C) http://www.holisticchineseherbs.com/ On the other hand, there are some problems in these three web sites. Figure1: the first web site at http://www.herbalmedicineuk.com/ . The web page A can be used to purchase some herbs on line,i.e., it is a on-line shopping web site. There is not any information regarding the background of these herbs. From this web site, users only can buy the herbs, but can not learn the knowledge of Chinese herbal medicine. Figure 2: the second web site. Similarly, web site B can only provide general information on CM, but not information regarding each individual herb and its functions. Figure3: the third web site On the other hand, webpage C provides amount of useful information on CHM. However, again when it comes to each herb, the knowledge is not there with a number of translation errors. In summary, although there are a few web sites that provide information on Chinese herbal medicine, for people with little knowledge of CHM, a new web sited is needed to work as an educational tool as well as an online shopping site, which is what this project does. 1.3 Aims The aim of this project is to design and build a web site system that allows users with little knowledge of CHM to learn and understand Chinese herbal medicine. Another aim is to start an online discussion forum to find the reasons behind that why so many people dont know or dislike CHM. 1.4 Objectives Gather information on the knowledge of CHM based on questionnaires. Interview with doctors who practice CHM.Carry out research on these topics Design and build an online system. Evaluate the online website. Write final report on project. 2 Literature review This chapter will review three books on Chinese medicine, which include Chinese herbal medicine -A practical guide to the healing power of herbs by Guang Xu (Give reference in the end), Medicine East And West: Two Ways of seeing, two ways of thinking by Ted J.kaptchuk (reference), Chinese herbal medicine Formulas and Strategies by Dan Bensky and Randall Barolet (reference) and Chinese Herbal Legends by Zhu Zhongbao (reference). 2.1 The healing power of herbs In the book written by Guang Xu, the author tries to give a general overview about Chinese herbal medicine. The related chapters can be divided into two parts, one is Chinese herbal medicine history, another one is the elements of Chinese herbal medicine. Chinese herbal medicine has a long history of more than 5000 years. The history can go back to the time of Sheng Nong, when Chinese people used plants to treat the illness further than a few thousand years. As explained by the author, Chinese herbal medicine is rooted in the culture of centuries, it cannot be easily explained or measured by modern scientific language and methods. Without a total understanding of its background and its history, it is very difficult to understand. [reference] . According to Chinese Culture, basically, there are two different elements that can affect Chinese Herbal Medicine. One is Yin (darkness) Yang (brightness), another one is Five-Element Theory. By understanding these two elements, it is easier for people who dont know CHM to comprehend Chinese Herbal Medicine. 2.1.1 Yin and Yang (darkness and brightness) Yin Yang, which is from traditional Chinese philosophy, is the name of two related things that are opposite in the natural world, i.e., everything in the universe can have two opposite, such as sunshine, fire, light, which are Yang. On the other hand, grey, dark, cold, belong to the element of Yin. In Chinese Medicine, Yin-Yang theory is an important element through the whole medicine system and can be employed to explain the body system and guide the treatment. For example: Yin-Yang implies that everything in the world has an opposite, such as sky and land, sun and moon. Although they are opposite, they also can be an unity. Through this unity, the natural world can keep the balance well. Yin-Yang depends on with each other, meaning if there is no Yang, there is no Yin. When the balance of the relationship of the substance of Yin-Yang are destroyed, the life might reach its end. On the other hand, Yin-Yang has a special relationship. If one wanes the other will wax. For example, just as the four seasons, if winter changes to spring, the weather should be warm. It is the process of Yin waxes and Yang wanes. Five-Element Theory The Five-element theory includes fire, metal, water, wood and earth, as well as their motions. The ancient Chinese people found these five elements are the basic substances in universe. These five kinds of elements have relationship of generation and restriction, as found in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chinese doctors use them to describe the problems of disease as explained in the following: Reinforcing the spleen (earth) to strengthen the lung (metal) ; Failure of water (kidney) to nourish wood (or failure of the kidney to nourish the liver) ; Five movements and six climates; Wood tending to spread out freely; Depression of the liver (wood) generating fire; Fire of the liver (wood) impairing the lung (metal); Fire tending to flare/flame upward ; Excessive fire impairing the lung (metal) ; Failure of fire to generate earth ; Coordination between water (kidney) and fire (heart); In coordination between the kidney (water) and the heart (fire) ; Being restricted and restricting ; Philosophical concept Traditional Chinese herbal medicine, however, can be based on two treatments which are on philosophical concept. 2.1.3.1 The Holistic Concept By this concept, there is a general meaning, i.e., the human body is a unity and a universe is within a body. On the other hand, it has a close interaction with the world. Traditional Chinese Medicine maintains that a human body is composed of different organs with each organ having its own distinct function, as a part of the whole body. Also, Chinese medicine regards the whole body as an organic body. Its constituent parts are inseparable in structure, interrelated and interdependent in physiology. Man has a nature life, and nature provides an environment for mans survival. So, human can be affected by nature. Traditions Chinese Medicine states Physicians have to know the law of nature and geographical conditions when diagnosing and treating diseases . That is the reason of Tradition Chinese Medicine not only stresses the human body is a unity but also regards the interrelationship between the body and nature environment. 2.1.3.2 Treatment by Differentiation of Syndromes Chinese herbal medicine, on the other hand, is also understood as treatment by differentiation of syndromes. The meaning of differentiation is to analyze the diseases by comprehensive, implying that the patients symptoms and signs collected by the following four diagnostic methods are analyzed and summarized in order to identify the etiology, nature and location of a disease, and the relationship between vital qi (air) and pathogens, thereby to determine what syndrome a disease in concern belongs to. According to the relationship between disease and treatment, traditional Chinese medicine is based on two different ways. One is to treat the same disease with different therapies. Whilst another one is to treat different diseases with the same therapy, i.e., different disease can be manifested in the same situation may be treated in the same way. In summary, using different methods for the treatment of the disease is the core of Treatment by Differentiation of Syndromes. 2.2 Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine The book by Ted J.kaptchuk discusses the difference between East and West medicines, such as why some westerners dislike Chinese Medicine? There is a philosophic reason, which is that Chinese culture is hard to understand. But, another reason is sociological. That is the way of western people thinking about Chinese Medicine. In this book, author gives two different views on seeing and thinking via westerners view, If a non-Chinese person can found these two ways, he/she might become interested in Chinese Medicine. The first one is concerned with treatment result. Many non-chinese have strange notions about Chinese medicine, Some of them see it as hocus-pocus-the product of primitive or magical thinking. If a patient is cured by means of herbs or acupuncture, they see only two possible explanations: Either the cure is a placebo effect, or it is an accident. To many people, when they heard about CHM, the first feeling in their mind is that, Chinese medicine is magical, but not science. The reason can be understood that Western medicine is based on data. Western doctors prefer using data to treat disease, whereas Chinese doctors are in favor of their experience. Another way of thinking, as described in the book, is Other Westerners have a more favorable but equally erroneous view of Chinese medicine. Deeply and often justifiably disturbed by many of the products of Western science and culture, they assume that the Chinese system, because it is felt to be more ancient, more spiritual, or more holistic, is also more true than Western medicine. In this way, some Westerners like Chinese medicine, but, because of different background, different culture, different history, their translate Chinese medicine of their own way based on their own culture. Also, they learn Chinese medicine through TV, Internet and some other media. In their mind, that is what Chinese medicine should look like. By and large, there are two groups of people. One group use Chinese medicine, but, think that Chinese medicine is less logical and is not based on science. It depends on a patients fortune. Another group of people think Chinese medicine through their own culture. Their minds are often mixed by this culture and other media. So, in their head, they have a different image of Chinese herbal medicine. But, many times, this image is incomplete. In Summary, the sociological reason that why westerners dislike Chinese medicine is based on a whole system. The Chinese method is based on the idea that no single part can be understood except in its relation to the whole. Understanding this overall pattern, with the symptom as part of it, is the challenge of Chinese medicine. The Chinese system is not less logical, just less analytical. 2.3 Formulas and Strategies The book on Formulas and Strategies by Dan Bensky and Randall Barolet has divided Chinese herbal medicine as Chinese herbal and Chinese medicine. Whereas the book by Zhu Zhongbao on Chinese Herbal Legends focuses on the use of herbs. Recently, more and more Chinese doctors found it hard to translate Chinese herbal names. Because, the herbal name is based on Chinese culture and history, and there are so many acceptable solutions. Since these books work as a reference text, for our project, our information is to reflect as closely as possible the meaning and syntax of the original CHM. We use anglicized Latin names for medicinal substances. The right translations of herbal can be found from these two books. The following examples are given in the webpage designed in this project. 1) Cang zhu Name English name: Swordlike Atractylodes Rhizome Pharmaceutical name :Rhizoma Atractylodis Nature and flavor: Pungent, bitter and warm Actions Dries dampness and strengthens the spleen Dispels wind dampness Induces sweat, releases the exterior Indications Syndrome of dampness stagnation in Middle Burner Impediment syndrome due to wind damp Exterior syndrome of wind , cold and dampness Chickenpox, mumps and scarlet fever Infantile rickets Night blindness and dry eyes Diabetes 2) Jin Yin Hua Name English name: Honeysuckle Flower Pharmaceutical name: Flos Lonicerae Japonicae. Nature and flavor:Sweet and cold Actions Clears away heat and resolve toxin Disperses wind and heat Indications External contracted wind-heat, the onset of warm disease Carbuncle and clove sores Bleeding due to heat toxin More information about translation will be given by chapter 3result and disscuess. Methodology Based on the study of literature review, two methods have been applied in the development of this project. One is to conduct questionnaire to gather information from the point of view of Chinese doctors. The other is to design and develop an internet based information site providing educational tool on the explanation of what each herb does and a prototype of potential online shopping site to deliver the herbs that people require. 3.1 Interview with a Chinese doctor Location: Brent Cross Doctor Herb Student Name: Yuanlei Wang Following the recommendation by the supervisor, Dr. Amaldi, this interview took place at Brent Cross Doctor Herb in order to gain insight useful information from a professional CHM practitioner. The Chinese doctor of the clinic described the changing of Chinese herbal medicine during the last 10 years. After recording, translating, and analysis, the main points can be summarized as follows. As discussed in Section 2, there are two main reasons that Chinese herbal medicine is not as popular as Western medicine. They are sociological and culture. Sociological In the past, because Chinese government had closed door policy, Chinese were hardly known to the other world. Nor was Chinese Herbal Medicine, which has led less people being interest in China culture, history, and Chinese herbal medicine. On top of this, Chinese government imposed a culture revolution and ignored CHM, leading to less and less people know this medicine, even in China. Culture In Europe, every medical practice needs license to ensure patients safety, which can only obtained by field trial through gathering large amount of data. As discussed in Section 2, CHM is mainly based on experience. Therefore CHM cannot be used in many hospitals, but can be used as additional therapy, such as acupuncture. Because the differences in culture, it is hard for non-Chinese people to understand this invasive technique, On the other hand, the UK National Health Service (NHS) has only introduced limited CHM. Many GPs (general practitioner) think Chinese herbal medicine is an accident not a science. Because NHS is free to the UK people, whereas CHM cost a lot, people will think twice before go to a CHM shop. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in the UK Since China started an open policy three decades ago, more and more people have visited China and are becoming more and more interested in Chinese culture and therefore CHM. Now, in the UK, there are over 3000 Chinese medicine shops all over the country, an increase by over 30% in the least 30 years. More and more people have started to take Chinese herbal medicine. Furthermore, the UK government has a plan to legitimate Chinese herbal medicine as part of NHS. So, CHM is getting more and more recognized in improving peoples well being and healthy life. (More information will be given in result and discussion ) 3.1.4 Media Effect British Broadcasting Cooperation (BBC) has also made huge contribution to introduce CHM to the UK. For example, in January 2006, BBC Channel 2 did a programme on Acupuncture Deactivates Brain and again on Back-pain Acupuncture Effective in Septmeber. In these programmes, doctors try to use the acupuncture instead the general anaesthetic. During the first programme, it is said: The pain matrix is involved in the perception of pain it helps someone decide whether something is painful or not, so it could be that acupuncture in some ways changes a persons pain perception. But he added: The thing about acupuncture is that it does not work on everyone. It is more likely to be effective if you believe it.I think it is a psychological manipulation technique, a distraction. We are not going to get to the stage where this could be used instead of a general anaesthetic. In the second programme, the message is that acupuncture for low back pain is cost-effective and works, according to medical researchers. According to the interview during the questionnaire time, the doctor remembered that after this TV programme, many people found that Chinese herbal medicine are useful for their body. More and more people have visited Chinese medicine shop. This example has shown that media can provide a good way to spread a news. Other means of media should also be applied in this regard. Design and Build an internet based Herbal Shop Although TV is a extremely useful way to broadcast a news, it has the limitation of time. Like the two programmes discussed in Section 3.1.4, they were shown near mid-night when most people are gone to bed and missed many viewers. Internet, however, is 24-7 and can be viewed at anytime, any location by using any means (e.g, mobile phone, computer, TV, etc). Therefore in this project, an online system has been created to introduce Chinese herbs plus their relevant information. The web page is at http://image.mdx.ac.uk/leilei. Figure 1 display a use-case UML (Unified Modelling Language) diagram showing the design. Figure 1. A UML diagram showing the developed Chinese Herb webpage (http://image.mdx.ac.uk/leilei). The system interface is consisted of three main parts, including product viewing page, search engine, input page, and guest book to send users feedbacks, and has client-server structure. In the server, the database is built using MySQL language, a rational database language. While the web interface is constructed using PHP (Personal Home Page) language, a c-like language. When users use this product, the process can be described as follows. Figure 2. System structure. When users enter data through internet interfaces which are coded in PHP. Then the interface through PHP sends/retrieves data to/from MYSQL database that is resided at the web page server at http://image.mdx.ac.uk . 3.2.1 Functions of the system This system has three parts, including Guest book, information, and history, which are describe in review. Homepage About Chinese herbal medicine Chinese herbals Guest book The history of Chinese herbal medicine. The first function is the information of Chinese herbal medicine., in this web page, users can know the history of Chinese herbal medicine, and other information. Guest book The second function is Guest book, in this function, the users can write some words in the browser. This part just provides a environment for exchanging ideas. Chinese herbal The last function is Chinese herbal to introduce its function, flavor, condition, and many more. 4 Result and Discussion This Section will discuss the results obtained from the interviewing with a Chinese medicine doctor and the developed prototype online CHM shop and information system. 4.1 Results from the interviewing Through the questionnaire and the interview with the Chinese doctor at Brent Corss Clinic, it can be concluded that nearly half of the population dont like to dont know CHM, as illustrated at Figure 6. A considerable number of people have not heard of CHM. And a quarter of people do not know the places to purchase CHM. Many people do even like the taste of CHM, which is similar to many Chinese people who take herbs. Figure 3. Pie chart showing the group of people thinking of CHM. These differences again can be associated to the issues of 1) Culture 2) Translation.3) Media 4) Government 5) The tastes of Herbal. In these data, culture belongs to philosophic reason, whilst media, translation, government and the tastes of herbal relate to sociological reason. Culture Chinese Medicine has following characteristics. Preventing is more important than treatment According to Chinese medicine book Yellow Emperor, people should treat disease before they have it, i.e., people should take care of their body before they have illness. Another book Hua inan zi (Chinese medicine) also claims that a good doctor often treats non-diseases, hence there is no disease. I.e., if a doctor can find a persons disease before this person get it, he will never get this disease. This prevention-oriented medical thought that people should take care of their health from an early age, can transform as a measure of dialectical philosophy, which is the essence of Chinese culture. Nature and Man should be together The overall concept of Chinese philosophy focuses on that human and nature world should be together, like a body. That the world and the human are not isolated, and they are interdependent, interacting, and interrelated. When it comes to Chinese Herbal Medicine, it also has the same pinciple. Chinese herbal medicine advocates astronomy, geography, and persons should be a whole entity. A nature human cannot leave the social world to survive. The factors that influence health and disease, are concerned with not only biological factors, but also social and psychological factors, So, Chinese Herbal Medicine also advocates treatment that should focus on the change of nature world. To adjust the balance of Yin-Yang (YY) Chinese Medicine mentions that the Yin-Yang is two sided, which is relatively representative of the body. The formation and growth is inseparable from the development of YY. In the bodys normal physiological conditions, the relative balance of YY is maintained, which is important. If one is changed, the mis-balance will cause the change/disorder of bodys normal physiological function. All the actions that a human is doing in the nature world are inseparable from the balance of YY. Therefore, the purpose of the coordination shows that traditional Chinese culture focus on symmetry, the bedrock philosophy of the balance. Static and dynamic idea of the constant combining From the early age, Chinese Philosophy already found the relationship between static and dynamic understanding , as stated in the Book of Change (Zhou Yi). The static and dynamic things are happening constantly. The substance in the nature world should keep moving and changing. In the whole human life, everything in the body, should keep changing until the end. Motion is the rule of nature world. It is the basic element of human health. So, Chinese Medicine stresses dynamics that can treat disease. Just as the same way that people know that sporting is good for health. On the other hand, comparing with dynamic view, Chinese Herbal Medicine also found that silence can also be a healthy habit. Qi Gong (i.e., marshal art) is based on this opinion. So, Static and dynamic element should be completed. Translation A good translation can help people with different culture background understand Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) better. Because CHM has its own culture and history , sometimes, it is difficult to translate the words exactly, which can cause frustration and lead more people lose their interest in CHM, which is explained below. The philosophic meaning in the medicine name. Some CHM names are based on their own philosophic meaning, such as Yin Yang, Yuan Qi and so on. If people do not know Chinese philosophic culture, it would be hard to translate. For some CHM doctors, when they translate medicine names, they sometimes copy some western medicine names. Whereas actually those medicines are completely different. Because of the long history of China, Chinese Herbal Medicine is based on an old knowledge system. Through more than thousand years, some of them have already lost their meanings with only a few people understanding. So, even to some knowledgeable Chinese people, translating medicine names is a hard job. Other factors include Media. According to data analysis from the questionaire, media is a very important means in order to let more people know Chinese medicine. However media can be limited, such as the wrong time of a TV programme leading to many people missing the show. Another factor is Governmental: In the past, Chinese Government had a closed door policy, which has limited knowledge of CHM. The questionnaire has also concluded that bad taste of herbs may also have some effect to prevent people taking them. Online shopping system Figures 3-6 illustrate the snapshots of web interfaces of the developed prototype online information and shopping system. Figure 4. The interface showing the Herb information. Figure 5. Input interface. Figure 6. Search engine. Figure 7. Guest book for sending users feedbacks. The system now contains more than 20 herbs information. System Evaluation The evaluation of the developed web site is based on heuristic evaluation. That can give a general overview of the web site, also, through this way, it can give a good idea for developers to improve the system design. The purpose of this evaluation is that, users have a task to browse the complete web pages. This task should start on the home page and finish when users get the feedback. Through this way, users can have a general view of the system by following the rules shown below. User control and freedom Users control and freedom can be understood that system can support users undo or do. Through the task we choose, users can find that it is not easy for them to control the web sites. ie, in the comment page, when users submit the words, they will find that there is a button for them to resubmit. Fun and enjoyment According the purpose of this web site, the web site should give the information of the Chinese herbal medicine to users. That means that the web pages should be fun, but these web pages are very plain, i.e., 1) All the background colours are white. 2) The web site is too simply , There is no enjoyment for users. Feedback Feedback is important for users to understand the information of the web site. In this web site, users can comment and see the other feedbacks. Provide short cuts Short cuts are easily for users to find what they want. In general, the web site is useful. Users can find the information regarding Chinese herbal medicine that need from the home page. Aesthetics and minimalist design Normally, users can have a good feeling with a good minimalist design. But, this web site is boring at this point. Through all web pages, there is no colour, no pictures, all the buttons are closed with each other. That might be caused some mistakes of users. On the other hand, there are some positive feedbacks. The users can find buttons easily, especially on the last page, where there is a comment page, providing a good interaction between users and the web site. In summary, this web site is fine, users can get some general information about Chinese herbal medicine from this web site, also, this web site has a guest page. Users can have a good interaction with the system. According heuristic evaluation, there are some negative aspects. Such as, 1)This system is very simply . 2) The colours are not very good. 3) It is boring for users 4) Some steps are not useful. All in all, this web site can give users a general opinion of Chinese herbal medicine. Recommendations There are some aspects which need to recommend. It should change colours of the web pages. The system should not be simple. The web site should increase some enjoyment. It should provide the search function for users. The web pages should give more freedom to users. Conclusion This project aims at introducing people Chinese Herbal Medicine and has developed an online system providing information on Chinese herbs. The design of the system applies client-server structure and employ

Business Proposal for Child Development Strategy

Business Proposal for Child Development Strategy 1.0 Executive Summary As business evolved the main factors deciding the normal pursue of a companys activity could be a huge range with different variables, however when specifying about the absolute basic, the foundations of which actions that build up a business all the way from the bottom, then we are usually referring to the marketing plan. the marketing plan includes many steps, but more importantly, who is interested in buying the product? identifying a certain group of people with similar characteristics including demographics, psychographics and many more is what is known as a segment of the market (Sturman, Corgel and Verma, 2011). During the pass of time in the last 30 years, it could be said that miracles have been invented, but do these miracles come without a cost? No, everything has a cost, however in this concerning issue it is not just about value for money, as technology advanced significantly in the rise of the century, the human brain has slowly been shutting down, applications specific ally like snapchat and vines is the reason that now most of the secondary school students would have short attention span, the kids do not realise it but the effects of 10 seconds short videos constantly as well as randomly changing causing the brain to procrastinate (Hooton, 2017). 2.0 Segment Framing Psychotherapy for kids suffering to learn, usually labelled by psychiatrists as ADHD or Dyslexia in the past has always been a burden or one of the hard states of mind to overcome, it is not to be cured. The methods developed for treating this kind of issue has not always been the best in psychotherapy, usually either the downside is too harsh or it is not effective, cause doing the simple act of telling a 5th grader to do his homework is well-known as the least effective. A study has shown that out of 50 children from the ages of 6-16 around 62% found that doing absolutely nothing is better than studying (Prakash and Mitra, 2008). There are two types of treatment when it comes to any sort of attention disorder, medication and treatment programmes. The huge issue faced by such patients is that usually the only effective approach is the pharmacological products engineered for such issues (Antshel et al., 2017). many doctors have repeated over and over again about the psychological and physical life dependency associated with such medication, if the pill is taken then the student will be able to learn, if not then the student will fail to accomplish the easiest and most simple of tasks, not to mention the other soul sucking clinical side effects, for instance depression and ease to anger, it could even develop as the student grows up to suicidal thoughts (JG, 2017). Treatment programmes that have been developed up till this moment are not that efficient, however there is one that has shown significance in the students life. Dekko comics is a company producing comics purely for education or providing an individual with a criterion of information through the comic, what psychologists have missed while targeting such disorders, is what does the student want to do, other than doing what is right approach, as students at this age are not fully mature. psychology clearly provided that if a person with attention disorder manages to find a subject or a routine where his self-owned interests , that same person with the attention disorder will generate thoughts much better than a normal person, that is because that a person who has attention problems usually has those problems because of the high speed generation of thoughts, not in all but rather most therefore such students get on what is known by psychologists as the hyper focus mode, it is triggered by many ways such as life threatening situation, for instance the night before the exam, or the other side of the moon, put simply a topic of certain interest for growing students in any range, 8-16 is the identified psychologically, realistically or rather marketing wise 10-14 is the accurate major(Ozel-Kizil and Kokurcan, 2017) which in case of the segment targeted having students reading narratives off a colourful comic with characters is an appeal to students compared to having black and white pages of vocabulary or non-endless lines of stories, it just appeals more in general. Far from the fact o f comic to learn, the products produced by dekko comics has also shown that if we reverse the equation it is still useful and fun, so the product is not necessarily purchased for purely education, it could also be a gadget of productive time wasting in leisure time. Such method is not only useful in secondary school, some of the qualified higher educational organisations have developed such strategies for themselves in a more complex manner suiting the customers, for example The University of Florida has its own developed comic department where students involved in such topics of studies and research (Research Guides: Graphic Novels and Comics: Journals and Online resources, 2017). 3.0 Engagement campaign `Dekko Comics main purpose is to be able to teach children in an interactive and enjoyable way. it has also been established that Dekko Comics product is able to aid students with learning disabilities such as; ADD, ADHD, dyslexia, and dysgraphia (meanings in appendix 1) to list a few. According to Stalikas and Fitzpatrick, (2008), psychotherapy concentrates on the negative emotion of the experience rather than a more positive side. To elaborate further, Dekko Comics aims to treat learning disabilities in a more positive manner. Introducing an increasing positive attitude that may not be present in clinical psychology, may have an effect on the effectiveness of psychological treatment. By working alongside qualified psychotherapists, Dekko comics will be able to retain its educational background, whilst simultaneously expanding to a new and highly profitable market. Thus, by specifically targeting children aged between 8-14 years old and presenting comics that can aid in many aids th em in therapy sessions. Contrary to popular belief, the main aim of psychotherapy is not the direct treatment of the patient, however, the way psychotherapy is used in treatment highly differs from the normal medical treatment. Psychotherapy aims to clarify misunderstandings that the patient might have and not presenting any sure solutions to the patient; rather, psychotherapists aim to direct the patient to their own conclusion. Effectively, it teaches the patient to critically think and overcome their ailment independently. More severe illnesses, however, such as OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) use different types of psychotherapy, such CBT (Cognitive-behavioural Therapy) whereby the patient conducts certain activities with their therapists that involve directly dealing with their disability. The final aim of CBT is for the patient to be able to overcome their fear and eventually cope with it without the use of any medicine. Although, patients who have been recommended this type of treatment have seen a large amount of dropout rate (Manceho, et al., 2011). Since CBT still takes design aspects from normal psychotherapy (where the patient reaches their own conclusion), it can be heavily implied that dropout rate in CBT treatment can be attributed to the patients own willingness to cooperate and attend their therapy sessions. Furthermore, psychotherapy is quite a dated treatment, introducing a product such as Dekko Comics to this market it can create a more attractive environment to the consumer. Ergo, dropout rates of psychotherapeutic treatment might decrease overall, which in turn will increase its effectiveness. According to Farell et al., (2016), in a study that looked at the effectiveness of CBT treatment among youth aged between 11-16 years old around 80% of which were considered to be in an improved state after treatment. However, post-treatment 60% of patients were experiencing the original symptoms and 6 months later this increase to 70%. This fundamentally states that CBT can be highly effective along the short-term, however, its effectiveness decreases overtime. By implanting a semantic meaning to patients within psychotherapy, which as stated by Schendan, (2012), that human functions emerge in the semantic network which is caused by the interaction between language and mental simulation. Therefore, by providing meaning or semantics via comics to the patient it can aid them in easily retrieving memories about their treatment sessions, this in turn might aid in increasing the effectiveness of CBT on the long-term and decrease the rate of re-emergence Mackenzie et al., (2014) conducted a study that consisted of 6796 students, and ran for 40 years (1968-2008). This study aimed to find the rates of treatment seeking within participants, the results collected from this study concluded that over-time peoples attitudes towards therapy has become negative and therefore the market for psychotherapy seems to be declining in size. Furthermore, Mackenzie et al., (2014) stated that the main reason as to why people have been increasingly negative towards therapy is due to the exponential increase in the use of mental health medicine in the mental health industry. However, by deviating from the emphasis on the use of prescriptions drugs; by integrating Dekko Comics into the market the increasing negative stigma about therapy might change and peoples attitudes towards psychotherapy can ultimately increase the rates of treatment seeking. This is especially relevant as an increase in healthier alternative ways of treatment might attract customers who might be just against the use of mental health medicine on younger children. Furthermore, the use of Dekko Comics in this specific industry can increase the profitability of the market, as it has been proved to be efficient the product was when presented in schools. NHS (National Health Service) was chosen to action this proposal as it is the main healthcare system in the United Kingdom. Working alongside the NHS Dekko Comics might be able to produce a new line of comics that cater to children aging between 8-14 years with mental health disabilities, as this age demographic might respond more positively with the use of comics in treatment as it is more interactive, enjoyable and age appropriate. Out of 500-pound budget 300 pounds will be spent on researching and developing the new product. If its approved by qualified professionals, which entails that this treatment has to have a high degree of success with patients, 200 pounds will then be used to hold an event at that can be sponsored by the NHS that will increase awareness about mental health issues, as well as state the integration of Dekko Comics into a medical and educational background. Through this event Dekko Comics will get the more media coverage. Ergo, through more coverage Dekko Com ics might increase in popularity and overall use, which is fundamentally important for a start-up such as Dekko Comics. 4.0 Limitations and conclusions This proposal still faces a few challenges, as well as containing a few limiting factors that might affect how successful this proposal can be. To list a few, 500-pound budget was very limiting aspect of designing this proposal as it limited how much can be done. The integration of comics as a use of treatment might also prove to be difficult or ineffective in a practical environment. Furthermore, this market might prove to have a very small profit margin, which in turn would simply cause a loss for Dekko Comics. Although, this study does contain its limitations it is still able to integrate Dekko Comics into other markets, which will inadvertently generate revenue and increase popularity and knowledge of the company. References Antshel, K., Hargrave, T., Simonescu, M., Kaul, P., Hendricks, K. and Faraone, S. (2017) Advances in understanding and treating ADHD. Farrell, L., Oar, E., Waters, A., McConnell, H., Tiralongo, E., Garbharran, V. and Ollendick, T. (2016). Brief intensive CBT for pediatric OCD with E-therapy maintenance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, [online] 42, pp.85-94. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0887618516300950 [Accessed 2 Mar. 2017]. Hooton, C. (2017) Our attention span is now less than that of a goldfish, The Independent. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/our-attention-span-is-now-less-than-that-of-a-goldfish-microsoft-study-finds-10247553.html. JG, A. (2017) Psychostimulants: Concerns over Long-Term Adverse Side Effects. PubMed NCBI, Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863827. Mackenzie, C., Erickson, J., Deane, F. and Wright, M. (2014). Changes in attitudes toward seeking mental health services: A 40-year cross-temporal meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, [online] 34(2), pp.99-106. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0272735813001591 [Accessed 2 Mar. 2017]. Mancebo, M., Eisen, J., Sibrava, N., Dyck, I. and Rasmussen, S. (2011). Patient Utilization of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for OCD. Behavior Therapy, [online] 42(3), pp.399-412. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0005789411000244 [Accessed 2 Mar. 2017]. Ozel-Kizil, E. and Kokurcan, A. (2017) Hyperfocusing as a dimension of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, pp. 351-358. Prakash, J. and Mitra, (2008) Child and Behaviour: A School Based Study, DELHI PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL, 11(1). Research Guides: Graphic Novels and Comics: Journals and Online resources (2017) Guides.nyu.edu. Available at: http://guides.nyu.edu/c.php?g=276896p=1846435. Schendan, H. (2012). Semantic Memory. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, pp.350-358. Stalikas, A. and Fitzpatrick, M. (2008). Positive emotions in psychotherapy theory, research, and practice: New kid on the block?. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, [online] 18(2), pp.155-166. Available at: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=ea32814d-1e6e-4bff-b559-75d234019139%40sessionmgr104vid=1hid=108 [Accessed 2 Mar. 2017]. Sturman, M., Corgel, J. and Verma, R. (2011) The Cornell School of Hotel Administration on Hospitality. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

English as the Official Language Essay -- Language

â€Å"Emblematic of the period, Theodore Roosevelt asserted in 1919: ‘We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns out people as Americans and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding- house’ † (Daniels, 8). The question that has been around for hundreds of years: â€Å"Should English be declared the official language of the United States?† is still a controversy - refighting the same old sociolinguistic issue of the 1970s. The increased concern with different languages was obviously related to the World War but also to the major shift in the quantity of immigrants to America. For centuries, the United States of America has been considered the ultimate country where dreams are made and a place where everyone wants to migrate to for better living standards. It is argued that dialectally diverse nations need a standard language to permit mutual understanding and in a global society, for instance, it is the whole world that can benefit from a national language. French as well as Latin once took on this role as an international medium of communication and in this era, as well as the future years, English is and should be the global voice. Three episodes are worth examining in order to highlight the importance of America adopting English as the official language. How do immigrants affect the United States? What does it mean to make English the official language? And what are the advantages of making English the answer to unity? Although English and immigrants from all over the world are different means of reasoning, these issues reveal that they could be used for similar purposes in justifying this research. The debate regarding immigrants has been around for over one ... ...998): Web. 15 Apr. 2012. Daniels, Harvey. Not Only English: Affirming America’s Multilingual Heritage. Illinois: Urbana, 1990. Print. â€Å"Immigration.† Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 2011. Print. Mujica, Mauro. â€Å"Why the U.S. Needs an Official Language.† World and I. 2003. Web. 15 April 2012 Nicolino, Nicole M. "?Por que no podemos leer en la biblioteca?: questioning the application of official English legislation to public libraries." Journal of Gender, Race and Justice. (2007): 1. Web. Pelofsky, Jeremy. â€Å" Number Of Illegal Immigrants In The U.S. Is Stable.† Reuters. N.p. 24 March 2012. Web. 31 March 2012. â€Å"Real Solutions For The Economy: Stop Illegal Immigration.† John Birch Society. Savvy panda, n.d. Web. 11 April 12, 2012. Vall, Sandra Del. Language Rights And The Laws In The United States. NY: Tonowanda, 2003. Print.

Scary Story Essay -- Short Stories Fiction Essays

Scary Story I looked up at the black sky. I hadn't intended to be out this late. The sun had set, and the empty road ahead had no streetlights. I knew I was in for a dark journey home. I had decided that by traveling through the forest would be the quickest way home. Minutes passed, yet it seemed like hours and days. The farther I traveled into the forest, the darker it seemed to get. I was very had to even take a breath due to the stifling air. The only sound familiar to me was the quickening beat of my own heart, which felt as though it was about to come through my chest. I began to whistled to take my mind off the eerie noises I was hearing. In this kind of darkness I was in, it was hard for me to believe that I could be seeing these long finger shaped shadows that stretched out to me. I had this gut feeling as though something was following me, but I assured myself that I was the only one in the forest. At least I had hoped that I was. As the bushes and brush grew more solid I began to ponder. Will I make it through this forest tonight or will I be taken in by the thick of the mystery? Sounds from sluggish foot steps caused a vibration around me that lead me to stop in my place and listen closely. Could this forest be haunted or was I just over exaggerating? I started to get very nervous by this time. â€Å"It will be just fine,† I told myself. I am just imagining things. I continued my journey through the forest but negative thoughts were running through my l... Scary Story Essay -- Short Stories Fiction Essays Scary Story I looked up at the black sky. I hadn't intended to be out this late. The sun had set, and the empty road ahead had no streetlights. I knew I was in for a dark journey home. I had decided that by traveling through the forest would be the quickest way home. Minutes passed, yet it seemed like hours and days. The farther I traveled into the forest, the darker it seemed to get. I was very had to even take a breath due to the stifling air. The only sound familiar to me was the quickening beat of my own heart, which felt as though it was about to come through my chest. I began to whistled to take my mind off the eerie noises I was hearing. In this kind of darkness I was in, it was hard for me to believe that I could be seeing these long finger shaped shadows that stretched out to me. I had this gut feeling as though something was following me, but I assured myself that I was the only one in the forest. At least I had hoped that I was. As the bushes and brush grew more solid I began to ponder. Will I make it through this forest tonight or will I be taken in by the thick of the mystery? Sounds from sluggish foot steps caused a vibration around me that lead me to stop in my place and listen closely. Could this forest be haunted or was I just over exaggerating? I started to get very nervous by this time. â€Å"It will be just fine,† I told myself. I am just imagining things. I continued my journey through the forest but negative thoughts were running through my l...

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

My Personal Philosophy of Education Without education, society as we know it would cease to exist. Formal education is what has made our country and other industrialized nations great. Thus, as a future educator, I anticipate the opportunity to assist in the molding of future generations by imparting essential knowledge. The famous philosopher and educator, John Dewey, once said, "Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experience. It is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfill his possibilities." Identifying with Dewey's pragmatist philosophy, I believe that children are ultimately shaped by their environmental experiences and must be taught how to use their knowledge as responsible, productive citizens. The educational process must begin with and emphasize the interests of the students, while focusing on their growth in all aspects of their beings. As a facilitating instructor, I plan to construct an eclectic blending of a student-centered, yet authoritative, classroom. In this respect, I will take both a demanding and responsive approach to teaching, while still allowing my students to remain actively involved in the learning process. My aim is to increase the motivation of children by providing them with reasonable choices regarding structure and materials. Focusing on problem solving activities, rather than mere rote learning and dogmatic instruction, I shall strive to develop students' abilities to think analytically and creatively. At the same time, however, I hope to improve their social skills by engaging them in real-world activities. I intend to take an idealistic a... ...provement of teaching and learning as well as the creation of reflective practitioners in the classroom. In fact, I look forward to the day when I can begin the national certification process and prove myself a sound and solid educator. Although the most important part of being an educator rests on focusing upon the needs of students when making classroom decisions, moreover, I consider the blend of philosophies which I advocate to be essential aspects of a school's curriculum. I believe that they will not only assist me in shaping the lives of my students when I begin teaching but will also aid me throughout the completion of my academic career. As I work toward a master's degree in the field of special education, after my graduation from Concord College, my educational philosophy will continue to grow. It will keep me grounded as a professional educator. My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Teaching Education Essays My Personal Philosophy of Education Without education, society as we know it would cease to exist. Formal education is what has made our country and other industrialized nations great. Thus, as a future educator, I anticipate the opportunity to assist in the molding of future generations by imparting essential knowledge. The famous philosopher and educator, John Dewey, once said, "Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experience. It is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfill his possibilities." Identifying with Dewey's pragmatist philosophy, I believe that children are ultimately shaped by their environmental experiences and must be taught how to use their knowledge as responsible, productive citizens. The educational process must begin with and emphasize the interests of the students, while focusing on their growth in all aspects of their beings. As a facilitating instructor, I plan to construct an eclectic blending of a student-centered, yet authoritative, classroom. In this respect, I will take both a demanding and responsive approach to teaching, while still allowing my students to remain actively involved in the learning process. My aim is to increase the motivation of children by providing them with reasonable choices regarding structure and materials. Focusing on problem solving activities, rather than mere rote learning and dogmatic instruction, I shall strive to develop students' abilities to think analytically and creatively. At the same time, however, I hope to improve their social skills by engaging them in real-world activities. I intend to take an idealistic a... ...provement of teaching and learning as well as the creation of reflective practitioners in the classroom. In fact, I look forward to the day when I can begin the national certification process and prove myself a sound and solid educator. Although the most important part of being an educator rests on focusing upon the needs of students when making classroom decisions, moreover, I consider the blend of philosophies which I advocate to be essential aspects of a school's curriculum. I believe that they will not only assist me in shaping the lives of my students when I begin teaching but will also aid me throughout the completion of my academic career. As I work toward a master's degree in the field of special education, after my graduation from Concord College, my educational philosophy will continue to grow. It will keep me grounded as a professional educator.

Significance Study of Kanlda Port

S I G N I F I C A N C E O F S T U D Y O F K A N D L A P O R T 2. 1 R e s e a r c h P r o b l e ms Statement of the problem I have chosen this topic to study about economic pattern of Kandla & Non Major Ports with socio economic conditions and port development in Saurashtra and Kutch region. The study is mainly focused on various types of ports that are developed in the said region. This study highlights the problems during the development of ports and on other side gives suitable suggestions to improve their performance. 2. 2 O b j e c t i v e s o f R e s e a r c hTo study the income and expenditure statement of Kandla Port. To study how port facilitate foreign trade volume. To study about the cargo traffic of major and non major ports. To study the ports infrastructural development. To find out the income and expenditure pattern of Kandla port. To identify the benefits and problems of ports. To study future prospects and SEZ development of port. To give suggestions for the improveme nt of ports. 2. 3 A r e a o f R e s e a r c h – G u j a r a t , K a n d l a . Kandla port plays a major role in the country's international trade.Having notched up a string of success, it has emerged as a forerunner, and has carved a niche for itself, by its steady growth and economy of operations. The Port of Kandla was declared a major port in 1955. The Kandla Port Trust was created by law in 1963 to manage the new port. The Port of Kandla Special Economic Zone (KASEZ) was the first special economic zone to be established in India and in Asia. Established in 1965, the Port of Kandla SEZ is the biggest multiple-product SEZ in the country. Covering over 310 hectares, the special economic zone is just nine kilometers from the Port of Kandla.Today, the Port of Kandla is India's hub for exporting grains and importing oil. This self-sufficient port is one of the highest-earning ports in the country. Major imports entering the Port of Kandla are petroleum, chemicals, and iron and steel machinery, but it also handles salt, textiles, and grain. Figure 2 Kandla Port, a national port, is one of the eleven most important ports of India. This port is situated on Kandla stream. The first investigation of this stream was undertaken by the British Royal India Navy in 1851 and a detailed survey done in 1922.This port is developed by Joint project of Maharao Shree Khengarji-III and British Government in the 19th century. The Kandla port came into existence in the year 1931 with a single Peir construction. Later on with the loss of Karchi port to Pakistan during partition, after independence the government of India chose Kandla as an ideal sea outlet. Thus the Kandla Port was developed and since then Kandla port has played a pivotal role in enhancing country`s maritime trade. Standard dry cargo treatment capacity of Kandla Port is 24,000 metric tons per day.The port is under Ministry of Commerce and is managed by a Port Trust with a Chairman as its head. The Kandla Port Trust is run by a board of trustees. There is an administrator – representative of the ministry of Commerce – appointed for the management of a free trade zone known as the Kandla Free Trade Zone placed near the port where hundreds of small and international companies are also sited. Owing to fast progress of Kandla port close city like Gandhidham also developed faster. Kandla port plays a major role in the country`s international trade.Having notched up a string of success, it has emerged as a forerunner, and has carved a niche for itself, by its steady growth and economy of operations. Kandla port is well equipped with infrastructural. It has 10 berths, 6 oil jetties, 1 maintenance jetty, 1 dry dock and small jetties for small vessels, which can accommodate from large to small vessels. Near all these terminals and jetties there are storage facilities for cargo from containers to petroleum. The port is also outfitted with Sixteen Wharf cranes. Apart from this, the po rt also provides for additional facilities for international traders.Due to its strategic location it is the connecting hub for Northern, Western and Central India. Kandla also has the country`s only Free Trade Zone Kandla Port, the foundation stone for which was laid by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, has 1800 metres of dry cargo berths where in a straight line, ten ships could easily be accommodated. It has berths for a tanker also where chemicals, vegetable oil etc are handled. Kandla today has become the hub of India`s foodgrains and oil imports. Kandla is a self sufficient, self enhancing Port.It is also among the highest revenue earning Port of India. The Port is the nearest, most economical and most convenient for handling imports and exports of the highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pardesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Kandla Port is the most economical major port in terms of tariff and operational expenditure. The efficiency and all requisite user facilities nevertheless confirm to international standards. The Port is up to date with the latest technological innovations.Happy labour-management relations and economical handling of heterogeneous cargo is considered the key element to the success of the Port of Kandla. The port has floated a global tender for a two-year capital dredging contract of 20 million cubic metre at an estimated cost of Rs 100 crore. Kandla Port attained new levels of performance in fiscal 2006-07, establishing a new record by handling a cargo volume of 52. 98 million tonnes, in the process entering into the select league of ports that have registered a throughput of 50 million tonnes or more.Excellent infrastructural facilities, well-connectivity with the rest of the country by road and rail networks, all-round services provided with efficiency and transparency, lowest port tariff and the envious cost-effectiveness are the major strengths of Kandla Port. LOCATION The Ma jor Port of Kandla, situated about 90 km off the mouth of Gulf of Kachchh in the Kandla Creek at Latitude 23 degree 1 minute North and Longitude 70 degree 13 minutes East, is the lone Major Port on the Gujarat coast line along the West Coast of the country.Amongst the 12 Major Ports in the country, Kandla occupies an enviable position, both in terms of international maritime trade tonnage handled and financial stability and self-sufficiency attained year after year. A gateway to the north-western part of India consisting of a vast hinterland of 1 million sq. km stretched throughout 9 states from Gujarat to Jammu & Kashmir, the Port has a unique locational advantage. The Port's hinterland is well connected with infrastructural network of metre gauge and broad gauge railway system as well as State and National Highways.HISTORICAL LEGACY: As a humble beginning in the year 1930 by the great visionary, the late Maharao Khengarji III of the princely State of Kachchh, for a deep-draught cl osed port in his kingdom, the Kandla Port on, with the loss of Karachi port to Pakistan during partition, independent India was deprived of a sea outlet in its North-West region. In order to offset this loss, the Indian government chose Kandla Port as an ideal sea outlet to be developed as a Major Port on the West Coast for arrying on the international maritime trade of the country and thus, Kandla Port was developed as a Major Port. Port of Kandla, since then, has been playing a pivotal role in the country's international maritime trade, contributing its mite for the growth and development of the national economy. The Port has grown and matured itself not only in age but also in creating infrastructural facilities in and around the Port, handling volumes of import and export trade year after year and attaining a very sound financial status ahead of a number of other Major Ports in the country.Thus, Kandla Port has been playing a pivotal role in the national economy and contributing a handsome amount of foreign exchange earnings to the national Exchequer every year. THE EVOLUTION Due to the loss of Karachi Port to Pakistan after independence, the onus of entire Indian trade was shifted to the Mumbai Port putting tremendous strain on its facilities.Under the inspirational and able guidance of the great visionary and the Iron Man of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Indian government on 17th February, 1948 constituted an Expert Committee known as the West Coast Major Port Development Committee to explore the possibilities of establishing a deep-sea port to cater to the vast hinterland comprising the north-western states of the country. The Committee submitted its report on the 30th April, 1948, recommending that a Major Port should be sited at Kandla.Accordingly, on January 20, 1952, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, laid the foundation stone at Kandla for the new port on the western coast of India. It was declared as a Major Port on April 8, 1955 by Late Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Union Minister for Transport. The Kandla Port Trust was constituted in 1964 under the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963. Since then, this Major Port of Kandla has come a long way in becoming the ‘Port of the New Millennium'. V I S I O N â€Å"To be Asia's Supreme Global Logistic Hub† M I S S I O N To transform the Port of Kandla into a most globally competitive logistics hub with nternational excellence leaving imprints in the international maritime arena by exploring its fathomless growth potentialities. S T R A T E G I C & C L I M A T I C A D V A N T A G E All-weather port. Tropical and dry climatic conditions to handle any type of cargo throughout the year Temperature varying from 25 degree Celsius to 44 degree Celsius. Scanty rainfall facilitates round-the-year operations. Uninterrupted and smooth port operations on 365 days a year. No adverse wave effect, being a protected and sheltered harbour situated in the Creek.The only Indian Major Port nearest to the Middle East and Europe. T H E P O R T L O G I S T I C S NAVIGATIONAL FACILITIES: Round-the-clock navigation. Permissible draught 12. 6 mtrs. Ships with 240 mtrs. length overall and 65,000 DWT are accommodated presently. Safe, protected and vast anchorage at outer harbour for waiting and lighterage purpose. 22 lighted navigational buoys with solar lights, as per IALA system, are provided in the navigational channel. Light house as an aid for night navigation. Fully equipped signal station operational round-the-clock. Four lighted shore beacons. STEEL FLOATING DRY DOCK: