Biography of Amedeo Avogadro, Italian Scientist

Amedeo Avogadro (August 9, 1776–July 9, 1856) was an Italian scientist known for his research on gas volume, pressure, and temperature. He formulated the gas law known as Avogadros law, which states that all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules per volume. Today, Avogadro is considered an important early figure in atomic theory. Fast Facts: Amedeo Avogadro Known For: Formulating the experimental gas law known as Avogadros lawBorn: August 9, 1776 in Turin, ItalyDied: July 9, 1956 in Turin, ItalyPublished Works: Essai dune manià ¨re de dà ©terminer les masses relatives des molà ©cules à ©là ©mentaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons  (Essay on Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies and the Proportions by Which They Enter These Combinations)Spouse: Felicita Mazzà ©Children: Six Early Life Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro was born into a family of distinguished Italian lawyers in 1776. Following in his familys footsteps, he studied ecclesiastical law and began to practice on his own before eventually turning his attention to the natural sciences. In 1800, Avogadro began private studies in physics and mathematics. His very first experiments were conducted with his brother on the subject of electricity. Career In 1809, Avogadro started teaching the natural sciences in a liceo (high school) in Vericelli. It was in Vericelli, while experimenting with gas densities, that Avogadro noticed something surprising: the combination of two volumes of hydrogen gas with one volume of oxygen gas produced two volumes of water vapor. Given the understanding of gas densities at the time, Avogadro had expected the reaction to produce only one volume of water vapor. That the experiment produced two lead him to surmise that oxygen particles consisted of two atoms (he actually used the word molecule). In his writings, Avogadro referred to three different types of molecules: integral molecules (most similar to what scientists call molecules today), constituent molecules (those that are part of an element), and elementary molecules (similar to what scientists now call atoms). His study of such elementary particles was highly influential in the field of atomic theory. Avogadro was not alone in his study of gases and molecules. Two other scientists—English chemist John Dalton and French chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac—were also exploring these topics around the same time, and their work had a strong influence on him. Dalton is best remembered for articulating the basics of atomic theory—that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. Gay-Lussac is best remembered for his eponymous gas pressure-temperature law. Avogadro wrote a memoria (concise note) in which he described the experimental gas law that now bears his name. He sent this memoria to De Lamà ©theries Journal de Physique, de Chemie et dHistoire naturelle, and it was published in the July 14, 1811 issue. Though his discovery is now considered a foundational aspect of chemistry, it did not receive much notice in his time. Some historians believe that Avogadros work was overlooked because the scientist worked in relative obscurity. Although Avogadro was aware of his contemporaries discoveries, he did not move in their social circles and he did not begin corresponding with other major scientists until late in his career. Very few of Avogadros papers were translated into English and German during his lifetime. Additionally, his ideas were likely neglected because they contradicted those of more famous scientists. In 1814, Avogadro published a memoria about gas densities, and in 1820 he became the first chair of mathematical physics at the University of Turin. As a member of a government commission on weights and measures, he helped introduce the metric system to the Piedmont region of Italy. The standardization of measurements made it easier for scientists in different regions to understand, compare, and evaluate each others work. Avogadro also served as a member of the Royal Superior Council on Public Instruction. Personal Life Not much is known about Avogadros private life. In 1815, he married Felicita Mazzà ©; the couple had six children. Some historical accounts indicate that Avogadro sponsored and aided a group of people planning a revolution on the island of Sardinia, which was ultimately stopped by the concession of Charles Alberts modern Constitution (Statuto Albertino). Because of his alleged political actions, Avogadro was removed as a  professor at the University of Turin. However, doubts remain as to the nature of Avogadros association with the Sardinians. In any case, increasing acceptance of both revolutionary ideas and Avogadros work led to his reinstatement at the University of Turin in 1833. Death In 1850, Avogadro retired from the University of Turin at the age of 74. He died on July 9, 1856. Legacy Avogadro is best known today for his eponymous gas law, which states that equal volumes of gasses, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Avogadros hypothesis wasnt generally accepted until 1858 (two years after Avogadros death)  when the Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro was able to explain why there were some organic chemical exceptions to Avogadros hypothesis. Cannizzaro helped clarify some of Avogadros ideas, including his view of the relationship between atoms and molecules. He also provided empirical evidence by calculating the molecular (atomic) weights of various substances. One of the most important contributions of Avogadros work was his resolution of the confusion surrounding atoms and molecules (although he didnt use the term atom). Avogadro believed that particles could be composed of molecules and that molecules could be composed of still simpler units (which we now call atoms). The number of molecules in a mole (one gram molecular weight) was termed Avogadros number (sometimes called Avogadros constant) in honor of Avogadros theories. Avogadros number has been experimentally determined to be 6.023x1023 molecules per gram-mole. Sources Datta, N. C.  The Story of Chemistry. Universities Press, 2005.Morselli, Mario.  Amedeo Avogadro: a Scientific Biography. Reidel, 1984.

The Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism

There are multiple ways to heal and multiple benefits that come out of healing. One of those healing methods is Music Therapy. Music Therapy has been shown to help many people of all age groups, a specific group being children with autism. It helps benefit children with autism by improving their communication and social skills. Just simply listening to music calms and puts the brain at ease. Music Therapy is beneficial to this specific group because though they may have deficits socially, they show none when it comes to musical affect. This form of therapy allows autistic children to improve those social skills in a fun and engaging way. Autism is a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts (â€Å"Autism† Def). It’s a disability that affects a person’s communication skills and/or changes in behavior. Autism is usually diagnose d before three years of age and has a lifelong persistence. The causes of this disorder is unclear and there is currently no cure for it. There are two core characteristics of autism. The first being a deficiency in social communication and social interaction. The second is a restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities. Clinical features of autism include walking on tiptoes, lack of eye contact, extreme dislike of certain foods or sounds, poor communication skills, repetitive behaviors, andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesFrom 1997 to about 2007 the number of children with autism spectrum disorder has increase from 42,517 to about 258,305 and has risen since (Reschke-Hernà ¡ndez, 2011). With this rise of children who have autism, the rise of music therapy has since appeared greatly. 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A lot of the literature found on the topic music therapy found it helped children and adults with learning disabilities. This section of the dissertation will analyse the literature that is already available on music therapy and autism. It will also analyse literature on drug therapies. I will explore the history of music therapy how and why it is used, how itRead MoreTreatment Options Used for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1440 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. The term ASD includes three major subtypes which is Autism Spectrum Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder. About 9.0 in 1000 children have ASD and certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life. 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This art may also help a child to socially interact with their peers. May also help a non-verbal child to open up and begin to communicate, whether it would be verbally or non verbally (New Hope for Autism: Music Therapy for Children with Autism and Asperger s Syndrome). Now imagine that you were a parent

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein as a Gothic Novel Fran Essay Example For Students

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein as a Gothic Novel Fran Essay kenstein essaysFrankenstein as a Gothic Novel One of the most important aspects of any gothic novel is setting. MaryShellys Frankenstein is an innovative and disturbing work that weaves a taleof passion, misery, dread, and remorse. Shelly reveals the story of a mansthirst for knowledge which leads to a monstrous creation that goes against thelaws of nature and natural order. The man, Victor Frankenstein, in utterdisgust, abandons his creation who is shunned by all of mankind yet still feelsand yearns for love. The monster then seeks revenge for his life of lonelinessand misery. The setting can bring about these feelings of short-lived happiness,loneliness, isolation, and despair. Shellys writing shows how the varied anddramatic settings of Frankenstein can create the atmosphere of the novel and canalso cause or hinder the actions of Frankenstein and his monster as they go ontheir seemingly endless chase where the pursuer becomes the pursued. Darkly dramatic moments and the ever-so-small flashes of happiness standout. The setting sets the atmosphere and creates the mood. The dreary nightof November (Shelly 42) where the monster is given life, remains in the memory. And that is what is felt throughout the novel-the dreariness of it all alongwith the desolate isolation. Yet there were still glimpses of happiness inShellys vivid pictures of the grand scenes among Frankenstein- thethunderstorm of the Alps, the valleys of Servox and Chamounix, the glacier andthe precipitous sides of Montanvert, and the smoke of rushing avalanches, thetremendous dome of Mont Blanc (Goldberg 277) and on that last journey withElizabeth which were his last moments of happiness. The rest goes along withthe melodrama of the story. Shelly can sustain the mood and create a distinctpicture and it is admirable the way she begins to foreshadow coming danger. Shelly does this by starting a terrible storm, adding dreary thunder andlightning and by enhancing the gloom and dread of her gothic scenes. Shellywrites so that the reader sees and feels these scenes taking permanent hold onthe memory. Furthermore, the setting can greatly impact the actions in a novel suchas this. Frankensteins abhorred creation proclaims that: the desert mountainsand dreary glaciers are my refuge. I have wandered here many days; the caves ofice which I only do not fear, are a dwelling to me, and the only one which mandoes not grudge (Shelly 84). The pitiful creature lives in places where mancannot go for reason that the temperatures and dangers of these settings are tooextreme. But near the end, Frankensteins rage takes him all over the world inan obsessed search for his doppelganger enduring terrible hardships, which themonster, too, has endured. Frankenstein pursues his creation to the Articwastes, revenge being the only thing keeping him alive. This serves only tothicken the strange darkness that surrounds and engulfs them (Nitchie 274). Here it seems as if Frankenstein may finally capture his adversary, but naturethinks otherwise. The monster tempts his enraged creator through a world of iceand the setting becomes a hindrance as the wind arose; the sea roared; and, aswith the mighty shock of an earthquake; it split and cracked with a tremendousand overwhelming sound. the work was soon finished; in a few minutes atumuluous sea rolled between me and my enemy (Shelly 191). Because of thisgothic setting amid the Artic ice floes, the despair hits both Frankenstein andthe reader. So Frankenstein, Mary Shellys strange and disturbing tale personifiesthe gothic novel. With her compelling writing, she creates the setting thatsets the gloomy mood and causes as well as hinders actions creating dramatictension. The entire story is mysteriously set in the cold Artic which adds tothe dark and foreboding atmosphere. Frankenstein pursues his monster there,fails to destroy him, and dies appropriately in the cold of the Artic thatmatches the cold of his heart. Likewise, Frankensteins monster dies on hisown terms, springing to his ice raft, borne away by the waves and lost indarkness and distance (Shelly 206). .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd , .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd .postImageUrl , .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd , .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd:hover , .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd:visited , .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd:active { border:0!important; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd:active , .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u970db1ddbda1ceb65ad68774a5fa6bdd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Idioms Denoting Parts of Body EssayWorks CitedShelly, Mary. Frankenstein. Bantam Books. New York, New York. 1991